V ned\u00e1vnej 217. epiz\u00f3de podcastu The Deprogram hos\u0165 Diego Ruzzarin, braz\u00edlsko-mexick\u00fd politick\u00fd koment\u00e1tor, spochybnil juhoamerick\u00fd \u201esocializmus odporu\u201c, teda revol\u00faciu, ako realistick\u00fa cestu k socializmu v 21. storo\u010d\u00ed. Ke\u010f\u017ee pre mno\u017estvo \u013eud\u00ed s\u00fa podcasty ako tento v lep\u0161om pr\u00edpade vstupnou br\u00e1nou k my\u0161lienkam marxizmu, v hor\u0161om pr\u00edpade jedin\u00fdm zdrojom ich n\u00e1zorov, je nevyhnutn\u00e9 sa pre\u0161\u013eapmi v popul\u00e1rnej kult\u00fare zaobera\u0165. Malo by by\u0165 samozrejm\u00e9, \u017ee m\u00e9di\u00e1 s\u00fa m\u00e9diami bez oh\u013eadu na ich politick\u00fa pr\u00edslu\u0161nos\u0165, a teda aj tieto treba vn\u00edma\u0165 kriticky. O to viac, ak ide o, takpovediac, na\u0161u stranu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ruzzarin ako ilustr\u00e1ciu a d\u00f4kaz toho, \u017ee \u201eklasick\u00e1\u201c, \u010di historick\u00e1 cesta k oslobodeniu nie je mo\u017en\u00e1, uv\u00e1dza americk\u00fd \u00fanos venezuelsk\u00e9ho prezidenta Madura. Ruzzarinov argument je, \u017ee pokia\u013e m\u00f4\u017ee imperialistick\u00e1 mocnos\u0165 ako USA kedyko\u013evek napadn\u00fa\u0165 krajinu kde prebieha revol\u00facia (v tomto pr\u00edpade by to teda bola bolivarovsk\u00e1 \u010di chavistick\u00e1 revol\u00facia), potom nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 revol\u00faciu udr\u017ea\u0165 a dovies\u0165 do v\u00ed\u0165azn\u00e9ho konca. Ruzzarin si v\u0161ak v samotnom za\u010diatku epiz\u00f3dy protire\u010d\u00ed. Pod\u013ea neho toti\u017e napriek \u00fatoku USA ost\u00e1va cel\u00e1 \u0161trukt\u00fara a politick\u00e9 procesy vo Venezuele zachovan\u00e9 a moc ost\u00e1va v ruk\u00e1ch \u013eudu a stran\u00edckeho apar\u00e1tu. Bu\u010f teda bolivarovsk\u00e1 revol\u00facia vo Venezuele pokra\u010duje a beztrestnos\u0165 USA \u201esocializmus odporu\u201c fundament\u00e1lne neohrozuje, alebo naopak, Venezuela kapitulovala pred americk\u00fdmi po\u017eiadavkami a chavistick\u00fd socializmus, pokia\u013e ho tak chceme nazva\u0165, zmizol bez odporu. Odhliadnuc od povahy venezuelsk\u00e9ho projektu, je zrejm\u00e9, \u017ee tento argument nestoj\u00ed na pevn\u00fdch z\u00e1kladoch. Zauj\u00edmavej\u0161ia je v\u0161ak Ruzzarinova odpove\u010f na svoj vlastn\u00fd argument:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pokia\u013e \u201esocializmus odporu\u201c nedok\u00e1\u017ee garantova\u0165 \u00faspech, ak\u00e1 je alternat\u00edva? S\u00edce to v\u00a0epiz\u00f3de chv\u00ed\u013eu trv\u00e1 a\u00a0posluch\u00e1\u010dstvo si mus\u00ed p\u00e1r vec\u00ed domyslie\u0165, ale odpove\u010fou je \u0161t\u00e1tna suverenita, vrav\u00ed Ruzzarin. \u010co t\u00fdm presne m\u00e1 na mysli \u010dlovek pochop\u00ed a\u017e si dopln\u00ed p\u00e1r logick\u00fdch krokov. Ruzzarin vysvet\u013euje, \u017ee aby bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 dosiahnu\u0165 suverenitu, treba rozv\u00edja\u0165 svoje v\u00fdrobn\u00e9 kapacity po vzore \u010c\u00edny, treba aplikova\u0165 podobn\u00e9 princ\u00edpy \u010di u\u017e demokracie alebo \u0161t\u00e1tneho doh\u013eadu a\u00a0koordin\u00e1cie v\u00fdroby a\u00a0ekonomiky v\u0161eobecne. Takto sa krajina nau\u010d\u00ed, \u010do to znamen\u00e1 \u00eds\u0165 vlastnou cestou \u2013 teda \u010do to znamen\u00e1 by\u0165 suver\u00e9nnou krajinou. Jav\u00ed sa to ako non sequitur? Nu\u017e \u00e1no, lebo to non sequitur je. Ako prv\u00e1 sa naskyt\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka: A\u00a0nepraktizovala Venezuela doteraz rovnak\u00fd princ\u00edp a\u00a0cestu k\u00a0suverenite? Napriek tomu to evidentne nesta\u010dilo. Pr\u00edpadne, \u010do napr\u00edklad Rusko a\u00a0India \u2013 nie s\u00fa aj tieto krajiny s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou nov\u00e9ho multipol\u00e1rneho sveta, kde tieto \u0161t\u00e1ty id\u00fa svojou cestou? A\u00a0s\u00fa sn\u00e1\u010f tieto krajiny \u010di hnutia v\u00a0nich bli\u017e\u0161ie k\u00a0socializmu, alebo aspo\u0148 v\u0161eobecne k\u00a0antikapitalizmu? Nezd\u00e1 sa. Na ot\u00e1zku, pre\u010do Venezuele nesta\u010dila suverenita, Ruzzarin odpoved\u00e1 poeticky no pravdivo: lebo nem\u00e1 nukle\u00e1rne zbrane. No na ot\u00e1zku, ako n\u00e1s k\u00a0socializmu dostane to, \u017ee suverenitu dosiahne bur\u017eo\u00e1zny \u0161t\u00e1t, u\u017e neodpoved\u00e1. Mus\u00ed n\u00e1m sta\u010di\u0165 v\u00e1gny dobr\u00fd pocit, \u017ee v\u00a0multipol\u00e1rnom svete to u\u017e nie je len o\u00a0USA, a\u00a0teda ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u00e1 teoreticky \u0161ancu uspie\u0165. Aspo\u0148 tak sa d\u00e1 vysvetli\u0165, pre\u010do m\u00e1 multipolarita a projekt BRICS konkr\u00e9tne to\u013eko z\u00e1stancov v\u00a0t\u00e1bore \u013eavice. Op\u00e4\u0165 ilustr\u00e1cia toho, \u017ee \u013eavica je len \u013eav\u00fdm kr\u00eddlom kapit\u00e1lu \u2013 nekritick\u00fd postoj mno\u017estva \u013eud\u00ed a\u00a0organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed vo\u010di multipolarite dokazuje pln\u00fa kompatibilitu s\u00a0multipolaritou bur\u017eo\u00e1znych \u0161t\u00e1tov. Absencia kritick\u00e9ho poh\u013eadu \u2013 kritick\u00e9ho, nie nevyhnutne negat\u00edvneho \u2013 je a\u017e zar\u00e1\u017eaj\u00faca najm\u00e4 ke\u010f si uvedom\u00edme, \u017ee naposledy, kedy bol svet multipol\u00e1rny, bolo pred Prvou svetovou vojnou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ruzzarin tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee mno\u017estvo z \u010d\u00ednskych polit\u00edk sa d\u00e1 zavies\u0165 u\u017e teraz v ktorejko\u013evek krajine, sta\u010d\u00ed… \u010do? Zatla\u010di\u0165 na politikov? Sp\u00edsa\u0165 pet\u00edciu? Je a\u017e zar\u00e1\u017eaj\u00face, ako sa tento n\u00e1zor podob\u00e1 na pokusy utopick\u00fdch socialistov ako Robert Owens, o ktor\u00fdch p\u00edsal Marx a Engels bezm\u00e1la 150 rokov dozadu. Ich projekty boli postaven\u00e9 na osvieteneckej predstave, \u017ee socializmus bude presaden\u00fd lebo je racion\u00e1lnej\u0161\u00ed, a teda v\u0161etci t\u00ed industrialisti, ktor\u00ed profituj\u00fa z kapitalizmu, oto\u010dia o 180\u00b0 lebo socializmus d\u00e1va v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed zmysel. To je ako keby ste \u0161li za Strnadom a sna\u017eili sa ho obr\u00e1ti\u0165 na pacifizmus alebo presvied\u010da\u0165 Rattaja o potrebe zv\u00fd\u0161enej ochrany Tatier. Je evidentn\u00e9, \u017ee t\u00e1to strat\u00e9gia mierneho pokroku k socializmu v medziach mo\u017en\u00e9ho je ods\u00faden\u00e1 na ne\u00faspech. Ale Ruzzarin (a mno\u017estvo \u013eavi\u010diarov) sa dop\u00fa\u0161\u0165a v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ieho faulu. Stoto\u017e\u0148uje \u0161t\u00e1t s pracuj\u00facimi, podobne ako min\u00e1\u010dovsk\u00e1 \u013eavica na Slovensku v 90. rokoch (ale existuj\u00fa aj extr\u00e9mnej\u0161ie pr\u00edklady princ\u00edpu \u201ejedn\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda, jedn\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu\u201c). \u0160t\u00e1t nie je neutr\u00e1lnou n\u00e1dobou, ale strojom vl\u00e1dnucej triedy. Ak vl\u00e1dne kapitalistick\u00e1 trieda, \u0161t\u00e1t je ma\u0161in\u00e9riou kapit\u00e1lu. Ak vl\u00e1dnu pracuj\u00faci… tak je to trochu zlo\u017eitej\u0161ie, ke\u010f\u017ee rozmanitos\u0165 (post-)revolu\u010dn\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov je nesmierna a osud revol\u00facie nie je vopred dan\u00fd. Ale minim\u00e1lne porevolu\u010dn\u00fd \u0161t\u00e1t nepracuje bez\u0161krupul\u00f3zne v prospech kapitalistov. Preto \u0161t\u00e1ty nie s\u00fa ani tak n\u00e1rodn\u00e9, ako triedne. No a kv\u00f4li tomu Ruzzarin zab\u00fada, \u017ee v \u010c\u00edne s\u00fa v\u0161etky tieto r\u00f4zne politiky mo\u017en\u00e9 kv\u00f4li tomu, \u017ee maj\u00fa takpovediac po revol\u00facii. Alebo minim\u00e1lne po v\u00ed\u0165azstve strany, v ktorej z\u00e1ujme tieto politiky, ktor\u00e9 Ruzzarin d\u00e1va za pr\u00edklad, s\u00fa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pointou cel\u00e9ho tohto segmentu tejto epiz\u00f3dy The Deprogram teda bolo, \u017ee aj keby sme \u010c\u00ednu nemali kop\u00edrova\u0165 \u00faplne, m\u00f4\u017eeme si z nej aspo\u0148 bra\u0165 pr\u00edklad. Iste. Ale aj Ruzzarin vrav\u00ed, \u017ee dejinn\u00e9 procesy a kroky sa presko\u010di\u0165 nedaj\u00fa. Tak\u017ee st\u00e1le ost\u00e1va za\u010da\u0165 revol\u00faciou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
V ned\u00e1vnej 217. epiz\u00f3de podcastu The Deprogram hos\u0165 Diego Ruzzarin, braz\u00edlsko-mexick\u00fd politick\u00fd koment\u00e1tor, spochybnil juhoamerick\u00fd \u201esocializmus odporu\u201c, teda revol\u00faciu, ako realistick\u00fa […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5491,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1331,1248],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5490","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kultura","category-nazory"],"yoast_head":"\n