{"id":4545,"date":"2024-01-02T15:23:00","date_gmt":"2024-01-02T13:23:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/frontlavicovejmladeze.sk\/?p=4545"},"modified":"2026-09-17T13:51:21","modified_gmt":"2026-09-17T11:51:21","slug":"degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/en\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\/","title":{"rendered":"Degrowth: Sp\u00e4\u0165 do doby kamennej v z\u00e1ujme klimatickej udr\u017eate\u013enosti?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Odpove\u010f na knihu Less is more Jasona Hickela<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u013davicu obch\u00e1dza stra\u0161idlo – stra\u0161idlo bezrastu. Takzvan\u00fd degrowth je dnes u\u017e relat\u00edvne be\u017en\u00fd pojem, najm\u00e4 v klima-aktivistick\u00fdch kruhoch. Na ot\u00e1zku, \u010di je bezrast relevantn\u00fd, koherentn\u00fd a kompatibiln\u00fd s \u013eavicov\u00fdmi hodnotami a marxizmom, n\u00e1m odpovie rozbor knihy jedn\u00e9ho z najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edch propag\u00e1torov tejto my\u0161lienky. Jason Hickel v knihe Less is more, Menej je viac, bezrast obhajuje a stavia ho do protikladu s kapitalizmom, pri\u010dom na jeho pr\u00e1cu nadv\u00e4zuj\u00fa aj \u013eavicov\u00e9 osobnosti ako Kohei Saito. To mnoh\u00fdm na \u013eavej strane spektra pr\u00edde sympatick\u00e9. Pozrime sa teda na to, ako si predstavuje bezrast a prechod k udr\u017eate\u013enej bud\u00facnosti Jason Hickel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitola I: Hickel a triedny boj<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u010co kapitalizmus rob\u00ed in\u00fdm \u2026 je to, \u017ee sa s\u00fastred\u00ed na nekone\u010dn\u00fd rast,\u201d tvrd\u00ed v \u00favodn\u00fdch odstavcoch autor. Faktom je, \u017ee kapitalizmus sa nevyzna\u010duje nekone\u010dn\u00fdm rastom, ale dominanciou s\u00fakromn\u00e9ho vlastn\u00edctva prostriedkov v\u00fdroby. Pre\u010do na tomto z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed uvid\u00edme u\u017e o chv\u00ed\u013eu. Kniha sa za\u010d\u00edna rozpr\u00e1van\u00edm o prerode feudalizmu do kapitalizmu. Autor vykres\u013euje \u00fapadok feudalizmu ako \u00fasvit akejsi utopickej spolo\u010dnosti: slobodnej, demokratickej, sebesta\u010dnej. Skoro ako keby to mal by\u0165 ide\u00e1l, ku ktor\u00e9mu sa treba vr\u00e1ti\u0165 – to autor implikuje r\u00e9torickou ot\u00e1zkou: \u201cV \u010do by t\u00e1to nov\u00e1 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 mohla prer\u00e1s\u0165\u201d? Sna\u017e\u00ed sa dok\u00e1za\u0165, \u017ee kapitalizmus nebol nevyhnutn\u00fd. No pr\u00e1ve t\u00e1to \u00e9ra neskor\u00e9ho feudalizmu vytvorila podmienky pre vznik kapitalizmu. Je zjavn\u00e9, \u017ee autor nedok\u00e1\u017ee oceni\u0165 v\u00fdznam triedneho konfliktu, \u010do bol pr\u00e1ve d\u00f4vod z\u00e1niku tejto utopickej 100-ro\u010dnej epiz\u00f3dy v eur\u00f3pskych dejin\u00e1ch. Autor romantizuje obdobie, kedy sa \u0161\u013eachta do\u017e\u00edvala 53 rokov, spolo\u010dnos\u0165 bola premoren\u00e1 chorobami a sp\u00f4sob po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskej v\u00fdroby bol ka\u017ed\u00fa chv\u00ed\u013eu decimovan\u00fd rozmarmi po\u010dasia. Ka\u017edop\u00e1dne, stoj\u00ed za zmienku, \u017ee autor d\u00e1va toto obdobie do kontrastu s \u0165a\u017ek\u00fdm feudalizmom. Ten sa vyzna\u010doval ni\u010divou extrakciou pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch zdrojov – brut\u00e1lne kl\u010dovanie lesov, vy\u010derp\u00e1vanie p\u00f4dy a pastv\u00edn. V 14.-15. storo\u010d\u00ed \u017eilo na Zemi okolo 400 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed. Dnes je n\u00e1s 20-n\u00e1sobne viac. S\u00edce len \u0165a\u017eko mo\u017eno porovn\u00e1va\u0165 preindustri\u00e1lnu a industri\u00e1lnu spolo\u010dnos\u0165, je zjavn\u00e9, \u017ee probl\u00e9mom nie je extrakcia, ale neefekt\u00edvnos\u0165 jej formy, \u010di jej podstaty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neefektivita kapitalizmu je stelesnen\u00e1 umel\u00fdm nedostatkom. V\u00fdroba je tak efekt\u00edvna, \u017ee pre udr\u017eiavanie ziskov je pre kapitalistov nevyhnutn\u00e9 vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 zdanie nedostatku, aby mohli ceny dr\u017ea\u0165 na v\u00fdhodnej \u00farovni. \u010c\u00edm je toto sp\u00f4soben\u00e9? S\u00fakromn\u00fdm vlastn\u00edctvom produktov inak spolo\u010dnej pr\u00e1ce: kapitalistovi patr\u00ed v\u00fdrobok na\u0161ej pr\u00e1ce. No namiesto poctivej ekonomickej kritiky kapitalizmu sa autor s\u00fastred\u00ed na filozofiu: [Aby \u013eu\u010fom de\u0161trukt\u00edvny kapitalizmus predali] \u201dMuseli zmeni\u0165 sp\u00f4sob, ak\u00fdm sa \u013eudia pozerali na \u017eiv\u00fa pr\u00edrodu,\u201d p\u00ed\u0161e autor. Namiesto sk\u00famania vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch rozporov syst\u00e9mu – vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch pr\u00ed\u010din – autor pretl\u00e1\u010da idealistick\u00fd n\u00e1zor, \u017ee d\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie je subjekt\u00edvne pre\u017e\u00edvanie. Autor v z\u00e1vere prvej kapitoly venuje zna\u010dn\u00fd \u010das \u00favah\u00e1m o tom, ako filozofia umo\u017enila odcudzenie \u010dloveka od pr\u00edrody, \u010di ako aristotelovsk\u00e1 filozofia in\u0161pirovala ro\u013en\u00edcke povstania\u2026 Je samozrejm\u00e9, \u017ee autor, ako sa v angli\u010dtine vrav\u00ed, zapriaha voz pred ko\u0148a. Filozofia je produktom doby a filozofia platen\u00e1 vl\u00e1dnucou triedou v\u017edy ospravedl\u0148uje status quo.  To je cel\u00e9. \u017diadna kon\u0161pirat\u00edvna masov\u00e1 zmena vn\u00edmania sveta be\u017en\u00fdmi \u013eu\u010fmi sa nekon\u00e1. Respekt\u00edve kon\u00e1, ale a\u017e v d\u00f4sledku potrieb syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitola II: triedna kolabor\u00e1cia a Malthus<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Druh\u00fa kapitolu autor otv\u00e1ra v\u00fdrokom anarchistu Bookchina: \u201cKapitalizmus nemo\u017eno presved\u010di\u0165, aby obmedzil rast o ni\u010d viac, ne\u017e mo\u017eno presved\u010di\u0165 \u010dloveka aby prestal d\u00fdcha\u0165\u201d. Odhliadnime od faktu, \u017ee kapitalizmu je vlastn\u00fd ako rast, tak i krach (podobne, ako sa v d\u00fdchan\u00ed strieda n\u00e1dych a v\u00fddych). Rast nie je hlavn\u00fdm h\u00fdbate\u013eom kapitalizmu, ale triedny boj – s\u00fakromn\u00e9 vlastn\u00edctvo. S\u00fastredi\u0165 sa pri kritike kapitalizmu na rast je ako s\u00fastredi\u0165 sa pri tuberkul\u00f3ze na ka\u0161e\u013e a nie na bakt\u00e9rie. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fdm autor hovor\u00ed ve\u013ea o raste, nepou\u017e\u00edva konzistentn\u00fa defin\u00edciu. Stoto\u017e\u0148uje ho predov\u0161etk\u00fdm s rastom HDP a\/alebo s roz\u0161irovan\u00edm produkcie – obe defin\u00edcie s\u00fa problematick\u00e9 z rozdielnych d\u00f4vodov. HDP je celkov\u00fdm s\u00fa\u010dtom novo pridanej hodnoty do ekonomiky. HDP teda m\u00f4\u017ee r\u00e1s\u0165 ako v spolo\u010dnosti ekoc\u00eddnej, tak i spolo\u010dnosti, ktor\u00e1 je environment\u00e1lne udr\u017eate\u013en\u00e1. A pokia\u013e stoto\u017e\u0148ujeme rast s roz\u0161irovan\u00edm v\u00fdroby, tak eventu\u00e1lne v snahe obmedzova\u0165 rast naraz\u00edme na maltuzi\u00e1nske \u010di ekofa\u0161istick\u00e9 tendencie a re\u010di o \u013eudstve-v\u00edruse. Ale nepredbiehajme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V snahe demon\u0161trova\u0165 fakt, \u017ee HDP nemeria v\u0161eobecn\u00fd blahobyt, autor argumentuje Rooseveltovou Novou dohodou. Soci\u00e1lnu demokraciu s americk\u00fdmi \u010drtami tu vyzdvihuje ako vzor pre budovanie dobrej spolo\u010dnosti. V snahe podpori\u0165 svoju kritiku HDP autor uv\u00e1dza ciele OECD zo 60. rokov minul\u00e9ho storo\u010dia, medzi ktor\u00fdmi je aj usilovanie sa o ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00fd rast HDP. Nazna\u010duje tu, \u017ee chyba je aj v medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 presadzuj\u00fa nezmyseln\u00e9 ciele, ktor\u00e9 pre zmenu syst\u00e9mu sta\u010d\u00ed zmeni\u0165 – k tomuto sa vr\u00e1time o chv\u00ed\u013eu. Autor uv\u00e1dza, \u017ee rast HDP je nevyhnutne sp\u00e4t\u00fd s ni\u010divou extrakciou pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch zdrojov. Nazna\u010duje, \u017ee extrakcia zdrojov je nevyhnutne ni\u010div\u00e1, a \u017ee s rast\u00facou spotrebou energie sa t\u00e1to ni\u010div\u00e1 povaha iba zhor\u0161uje. K\u00fdm autor p\u00ed\u0161e o deforest\u00e1cii, fos\u00edlnych paliv\u00e1ch, \u010di vy\u010derp\u00e1van\u00ed p\u00f4dy, \u00faplne ignoruje existenciu efekt\u00edvnych alternat\u00edv, ak\u00fdm je jadrov\u00e1 energia, \u010di vyskov\u00fdnosn\u00e9 geneticky modifikovan\u00e9 po\u013enohospod\u00e1rske plodiny \u010di hydrop\u00f3nia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z t\u00e1bora presadzuj\u00faceho bezrast \u010dasto po\u010du\u0165 ohr\u00e1dzanie sa proti maltuzi\u00e1nskemu m\u00fdtu o pre\u013eudnen\u00ed. Probl\u00e9m nevidia v pre\u013eudnen\u00ed, ale v nadprodukcii: \u201cNie je mo\u017en\u00fd nekone\u010dn\u00fd rast na plan\u00e9te s kone\u010dn\u00fdmi zdrojmi\u201d. Toto je uveden\u00e9 aj na strane 109. T\u00e1to zdanlivo ne\u0161kodn\u00e1 veta v\u0161ak v sebe st\u00e1le skr\u00fdva prvky Malthusa. To sa prejavuje v tendencii bezrastovcov ozna\u010dova\u0165 \u013eudstvo za v\u00edrus, \u010di kritizova\u0165 \u00farove\u0148 komfortu v akom \u017eijeme. A ke\u010f toto rozvinieme do d\u00f4sledkov, dostaneme sa sp\u00e4\u0165 k strachu z pre\u013eudnenia. A tak je to aj v tejto knihe, vi\u010f podkapitolu Kolonializmus 2.0<\/em>. Autor za\u010d\u00edna logickou \u00favahou, \u017ee krajiny Glob\u00e1lneho juhu vy\u017eaduj\u00fa zv\u00fd\u0161enie spotreby za \u00fa\u010delom nap\u013a\u0148ania \u013eudsk\u00fdch potrieb. Pokra\u010duje v\u0161ak ve\u013emi ne\u0161\u0165astne: krajiny Glob\u00e1lneho severu musia zredukova\u0165 spotrebu (Nie zefekt\u00edvni\u0165, ale zredukova\u0165! To je ako zhasn\u00fa\u0165, miesto v\u00fdmeny volfr\u00e1movej \u017eiarovky za LEDky). Autor my\u0161lienku ukon\u010duje nevyhnutn\u00fdm z\u00e1verom: \u201c\u010c\u00edm viac svetov\u00e1 popul\u00e1cia rastie, t\u00fdm zlo\u017eitej\u0161ie bude [sp\u013a\u0148anie klimatick\u00fdch cie\u013eov]. \u2026 Je nevyhnutn\u00e9 stabilizova\u0165 ve\u013ekos\u0165 \u013eudskej popul\u00e1cie,\u201d p\u00ed\u0161e autor na strane 103. Autor dod\u00e1va, \u017ee k\u00fdm v \u010c\u00edne na osobu pripad\u00e1 8 ton emisi\u00ed CO2, v USA je to viac ne\u017e 16 ton ro\u010dne – 8-kr\u00e1t viac ne\u017e v indii. Tu by som chcela upriami\u0165 pozornos\u0165 na chl\u00e1cholenie na strane 215: \u201cN\u00e1m nejde o \u2026 ak\u00fdsi n\u00e1vrat do jaskyne, k vrecovine a dobrovo\u013enej psote\u201d. Je pravda, \u017ee USA v prepo\u010dte na osobu vyp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a astronomick\u00e9 mno\u017estvo emisi\u00ed. A je pravda, \u017ee v takej \u010c\u00edne sa za ostatn\u00fdch 20 rokov zv\u00fd\u0161ila \u017eivotn\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 nev\u00eddan\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom. Ale len \u0165a\u017eko mo\u017eno \u017eivot v \u010c\u00edne \u010di dokonca v Indii vyzdvihova\u0165 ako alternat\u00edvu. Ur\u010dite nie pokia\u013e net\u00fa\u017eime po \u201cdobrovo\u013enej psote\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1sledne sa dozved\u00e1me, \u017ee v pr\u00edrode vraj \u201crast je v\u017edy kone\u010dn\u00fd\u201d – \u201cchceme, aby na\u0161e deti r\u00e1stli \u2026 do dospelosti. \u2026 Chceme aby na\u0161e plodiny r\u00e1stli, ale len do uzretia, kedy ich zo\u017eneme a zasad\u00edme znovu\u201d. Autor asi zab\u00fada na to, \u010do \u013eudia robia v dospelosti a na\u010do sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa ako plody, tak i semen\u00e1. Ak m\u00f4\u017eeme o raste v pr\u00edrode nie\u010do poveda\u0165, tak je to pr\u00e1ve to, \u017ee je slep\u00fd a kon\u010d\u00ed sa bu\u010f vy\u010derpan\u00edm organizmu, zdrojov, alebo nejakou katastrofou. Feti\u0161izova\u0165 pr\u00edrodu a tv\u00e1ri\u0165 sa, \u017ee je to nejak\u00fd harmonick\u00fd ide\u00e1l, je prinajmen\u0161om hl\u00fape. Navy\u0161e, rast je nielen kvantitat\u00edvny, ale aj kvalitat\u00edvny proces. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee r\u00e1s\u0165 mo\u017eno nie len v po\u010dte, ale aj v kvalite. A op\u00e4\u0165, zd\u00e1 sa, \u017ee na toto autor zabudol. Ke\u010f sa povie rast, predstav\u00ed si miesto rastu do kr\u00e1sy rast n\u00e1doru. Mimochodom, je \u00fasmevn\u00e9, \u017ee autor pova\u017euje kapitalistick\u00fd rast za neprirodzen\u00fd. Pritom sa vyzna\u010duje podobn\u00fdmi cyklami rastu a krachu, ako mo\u017eno sledova\u0165 u mnoh\u00fdch popul\u00e1ci\u00ed vo vo\u013enej pr\u00edrode. To len na margo autorovej snahy mytologizova\u0165 rast a rozli\u0161ova\u0165 medzi t\u00fdmto procesom v pr\u00edrode a v ekonomike.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitola III: inov\u00e1cie v kapitalizme a socializme<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Autor sa venuje aj ot\u00e1zke zelen\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed. Kapitolu o zelen\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00e1ch otv\u00e1ra opisom n\u00e1vrhu zatia\u013e neexistuj\u00facej a nerealizovanej technol\u00f3gie BECCS. Pre\u010do si vybral vyvracanie tejto neexistuj\u00facej technol\u00f3gie a nie in\u00fdch, \u0161tandardnej\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1vrhov – neviem. Sn\u00e1\u010f preto, aby ilustroval ako m\u00e1rne je vklada\u0165 d\u00f4veru do futuristick\u00fdch rie\u0161en\u00ed. Po tomto zvl\u00e1\u0161tnom \u00favode sa autor vracia k problematike spotreby: prechod na udr\u017eate\u013en\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie vy\u017eaduje roz\u0161\u00edrenie \u0165a\u017eby (napr. kontroverzn\u00e9ho l\u00edtia), \u010do m\u00e1 ako environment\u00e1lne, tak i spolo\u010densk\u00e9 dopady. O to viac ak tzv. base load maj\u00fa zabezpe\u010dova\u0165 bat\u00e9rie – autor sa zjavne boj\u00ed jadra ako \u010dert kr\u00ed\u017ea, napriek nespochybnite\u013enej efektivite a celkovej \u010distote tohto zdroja. Autor nakinec doch\u00e1dza k z\u00e1veru, \u017ee sa treba sna\u017ei\u0165 o celkov\u00e9 zni\u017eovanie spotreby energie. A vraj sa nechce vr\u00e1ti\u0165 do jaskyne! Ak by sme teraz za\u010dali zni\u017eova\u0165 spotrebu energi\u00ed, kto by na to doplatil najviac? Spodn\u00fdch 90% glob\u00e1lnej popul\u00e1cie. V kapitalistickej spolo\u010dnosti sa \u00fasporn\u00e9 opatrenia nikdy net\u00fdkaj\u00fa vl\u00e1dnucej triedy – v\u017edy sa \u0161etr\u00ed na n\u00e1s. Ak\u00e9 by malo dopady \u0161etrenie energie v takom rozsahu, ako si predstavuje autor rad\u0161ej nechcem vedie\u0165. Autor pokra\u010duje tvrden\u00edm, \u017ee zvy\u0161ovanie efektivity samo o sebe nie je rie\u0161en\u00edm. Pre\u010do? Lebo efektivita umo\u017e\u0148uje roz\u0161irovanie extrakcie a v\u00fdroby. Len\u017ee toto nie je argument proti rastu, ale za socializmus – za pl\u00e1novan\u00fa ekonomiku! <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitolu autor zavr\u0161uje \u201cprovokat\u00edvnou\u201d my\u0161lienkou: ak si vieme predstavi\u0165 rie\u0161enie v podobe neexistuj\u00facich futuristick\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00e1ch, pre\u010do si skr\u00e1tka nesta\u010d\u00ed predstavi\u0165 in\u00fd syst\u00e9m – syst\u00e9m, ktor\u00fd by sa nemusel spolieha\u0165 na technologick\u00e9 fantasmag\u00f3rie? Revolu\u010dn\u00e9! In\u00fd ekonomick\u00fd syst\u00e9m si sta\u010d\u00ed \u201cpredstavi\u0165\u201d! Mo\u017eno si poviete, \u017ee autorovi krivd\u00edm, no k takto idealistick\u00e9mu utopizmu sa autor otvorene hl\u00e1si v nasleduj\u00facich kapitol\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitola IV: reformova\u0165, reformova\u0165, reformova\u0165<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Autor opakovane preukazuje, \u017ee vysok\u00e9 HDP nesta\u010d\u00ed – kvalita \u017eivota z\u00e1vis\u00ed od dostupn\u00fdch verejn\u00fdch slu\u017eieb. To preuk\u00e1zali u\u017e d\u00e1vno \u0161t\u00fadie porovn\u00e1vaj\u00face socialistick\u00e9 ekonomiky s ich kapitalistick\u00fdmi n\u00e1protivkami, vi\u010f Cereseto & Weitzkin<\/a> (1986), Lena & London<\/a> (1993), \u010di Navarro<\/a> (1992). \u010co je zar\u00e1\u017eaj\u00face (i ke\u010f nie prekvapiv\u00e9), \u017ee autor – samozvan\u00fd antikapitalista – kladie d\u00f4raz na distrib\u00faciu n\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho bohatstva, nie na zmenu s\u00fakromnej povahy tohto bohatstva na skuto\u010dne verejn\u00e9 vlastn\u00edctvo. Podkapitola Oslobodenie sa od ideol\u00f3gie<\/em> hovor\u00ed za v\u0161etko: \u201cProbl\u00e9m \u201crastizmu\u201d je, \u017ee cel\u00e9 dek\u00e1dy odv\u00e1dzal pozornos\u0165 od zlo\u017eit\u00fdch ot\u00e1zok redistrib\u00facie\u201d. Kie\u017eby bola redistrib\u00facia odvoden\u00e1 od podstaty vlastn\u00edctva a nie dobrotivosti majite\u013eov\u2026 Pr\u00e1ve v podkapitole Rozkvet bez rastu<\/em> autor otvorene uv\u00e1dza \u0161kandin\u00e1vsku soci\u00e1lnu demokraciu ako vzor. Autor vid\u00ed pozit\u00edvne indik\u00e1tory, no nevid\u00ed export zne\u010dis\u0165ovania a explicitn\u00e9ho vykoris\u0165ovania do kraj\u00edn Glob\u00e1lneho juhu. Nevid\u00ed n\u00f3rsky ropn\u00fd priemysel, \u0161v\u00e9dsky zbrojn\u00fd priemysel \u010di ich r\u00fdchlu m\u00f3du zneu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00facu \u00e1zijsk\u00e9 sweatshopy. Odhliadanuc od toho, \u017ee sa soci\u00e1lnodemokratick\u00fd model vy\u010derpal, soci\u00e1lna demokracia stoj\u00ed na tom istom vykoris\u0165ovan\u00ed – \u013eud\u00ed i pr\u00edrody – ako ak\u00fdko\u013evek in\u00fd kapitalistick\u00fd syst\u00e9m. Ba \u010do viac, v soci\u00e1lnej demokracii vl\u00e1dnuca vrstva je rovnako tak spriahnut\u00e1 s kapitalistickou triedou. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee zo soci\u00e1lnej spravodlivosti za\u010dne vl\u00e1da ukrajova\u0165 pri najbli\u017e\u0161ej mo\u017enej pr\u00edle\u017eitosti. A to preto, lebo zda\u0148ovanie a rovnomernej\u0161ia distrib\u00facia bohatstva nie je kr\u00e1tkodobo tak v\u00fdhodn\u00e1, ako kapitalistick\u00e1 akumul\u00e1cia. Ale autor bude aj tak bohorovne tvrdi\u0165, \u017ee zda\u0148ovanie je radik\u00e1lne rie\u0161enie. Tento nezmysel autor opakuje aj v nasleduj\u00facej podkapitole, v ktorej sa pok\u00fasi adresova\u0165 problematiku imperializmu a vykoris\u0165ovania Glob\u00e1lneho juhu Severom. A aj v tejto podkapitole opakuje rovnak\u00e9 chyby.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ak\u00e9 je autorovo rie\u0161enie imperializmu a glob\u00e1lneho vykoris\u0165ovania? Demokratiz\u00e1cia Svetovej banky a Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho menov\u00e9ho fondu. Odpustenie dlhov kraj\u00edn tretieho sveta. Zdanenie boh\u00e1\u010dov a investovanie t\u00fdchto pe\u0148az\u00ed do t\u00fdchto kraj\u00edn. Pre\u010do to nikomu nenapadlo! Nech\u00e1pte ma zle – toto s\u00fa opatrenia, ktor\u00e9 by ur\u010dite pomohli. Ale kto m\u00e1 tieto opatrenia zavies\u0165? Autor nazna\u010duje, \u017ee s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e1 vl\u00e1dnuca vrstva! <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pozn\u00e1mka pod \u010diarou: autor aj v tejto podkapitole vyzdvihuje drobnochov \u010di mal\u00e9 miestne podniky. V kontexte celej knihy je zjavn\u00e9, \u017ee autor nem\u00e1 dostato\u010dn\u00e9 znalosti socialistickej ekon\u00f3mie a praxe. Presadzovanie z\u00e1ujmov tak\u00fdchto typov v\u00fdroby je anachronick\u00e9 a v ur\u010ditom rozpore so socializ\u00e1ciou vlastn\u00edctva a nadhodnoty. Ale to len na okraj.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Autor uv\u00e1dza pr\u00edklady verejn\u00fdch v\u00fddavkov, resp. projektov financovan\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tom (sem patr\u00ed v\u0161etko od internetu, cez GPS a\u017e po v\u0161etky technol\u00f3gie vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v smartf\u00f3noch), ako d\u00f4kaz zbyto\u010dnosti rastu HDP ako metriky pokroku. Samozrejme, \u017ee vedeckotechnick\u00fd pokrok nie je funkciou HDP – v tom m\u00e1 autor pravdu. Len\u017ee autor si m\u00fdli s\u00fakromn\u00fd zisk s pridanou hodnotou – aj verejn\u00e9 invest\u00edcie, resp. pr\u00e1ca z nich plyn\u00faca m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 klasifikovan\u00e1 ako celkov\u00fd pr\u00edspevok k rastu HDP. Op\u00e4\u0165 sa ukazuje, ako kr\u00e1tkozrak\u00fd je bezrast vo svojej kritike: namiesto efekt\u00edvnej kritiky kapitalizmu bojuje s jednou z jeho aspektov. Autor venuje vcelku ve\u013ea \u010dasu vyzdvihovan\u00edm alternat\u00edvnych indik\u00e1torov \u010di indexov pokroku \u010di kvality \u017eivota, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa v istom zmysle smerodajnej\u0161ie ne\u017e HDP. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 vyslovuje spr\u00e1vny n\u00e1zor, \u017ee nesta\u010d\u00ed iba presta\u0165 mera\u0165 \u00faspech v HDP a za\u010da\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 jeho alternat\u00edvu. Je v\u0161ak ot\u00e1zne, \u010di po tejto spr\u00e1vnej \u00favahe dospeje k rovnako spr\u00e1vnym z\u00e1verom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitola V: kult vzne\u0161en\u00e9ho divocha<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Za\u010diatok piatej kapitoly a\u017e po podkapitolu Z\u00e1chrann\u00e1 brzda<\/em> v princ\u00edpe spr\u00e1vne identifikuje neefektivitu kapitalizmu v oblasti nap\u013a\u0148ania \u013eudsk\u00fdch potrieb na \u00fakor environment\u00e1lnej udr\u017eate\u013enosti. Av\u0161ak videli sme, ak\u00e9 krajne maltuzi\u00e1nske z\u00e1very z toho autor odvodil. A veru, autor uv\u00e1dza t\u00fdchto p\u00e4\u0165 konkr\u00e9tnych krokov, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa pom\u00f4c\u0165 dosiahnu\u0165 udr\u017eate\u013enos\u0165: koniec pl\u00e1novan\u00e9ho zastar\u00e1vania, obmedzenie marketingu, prechod od vlastn\u00edctva k zdie\u013eaniu, koniec potravinov\u00e9ho odpadu a okresanie environment\u00e1lne de\u0161trukt\u00edvnych odvetv\u00ed. Ni\u010d z tohto nie je v rozpore s kapitalizmom – v\u0161etky tieto krotky s\u00fa plne kompatibiln\u00e9 so zachovan\u00edm triednej podstaty syst\u00e9mu. To v kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku znamen\u00e1, \u017ee aj keby tieto opatrenia boli zaveden\u00e9 a fungovali by, kvalita \u017eivota be\u017en\u00e9ho \u010dloveka klesne. V kapitalizme toti\u017e znamen\u00e1 prechod od vlastn\u00edctva k zdie\u013eaniu neistotu a zni\u017eovanie n\u00e1rokov: zdie\u013eanie bytu s viacer\u00fdmi n\u00e1jomcami, platformov\u00fa gig ekonomiku, n\u00faten\u00e9 zdie\u013eanie vec\u00ed osobnej potreby – tak\u00fd prevr\u00e1ten\u00fd Kasernenkommunismus<\/em>. Ostatn\u00e9 rie\u0161enia (sn\u00e1\u010f s v\u00fdnimkou posledn\u00e9ho) s\u00fa zasa apelom na zmenu spotrebite\u013esk\u00e9ho spr\u00e1vania. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Autor tie\u017e op\u00e4\u0165 prich\u00e1dza s n\u00e1vrhom zda\u0148ovania bohat\u00fdch v kombin\u00e1cii s minim\u00e1lnou mzdou \u010di zaveden\u00edm nepodmien\u00e9ho z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho pr\u00edjmu (UBI). O\u010dak\u00e1va, \u017ee tak\u00e9to opatrenia by mohli odr\u00e1dza\u0165 bohat\u00fdch od renti\u00e9rstva a akumul\u00e1cie kapit\u00e1lu. Op\u00e4\u0165, bez zmeny triednej povahy \u0161t\u00e1tneho apar\u00e1tu – bez toho, aby pracuj\u00faci vytrhli moc z r\u00fak kapitalistov – s\u00fa toto zbo\u017en\u00e9 \u017eelania odtrhnut\u00e9 od reality. Pre\u010do by si mala vl\u00e1dnuca trieda na seba takto plies\u0165 bi\u010d? Triedna jednota v kapitalizme nefunguje, ur\u010dite nie v n\u00e1\u0161 prospech. Kapitalistov k akejsi ask\u00e9ze neprin\u00fati ani klimatick\u00e1 kr\u00edza. Syst\u00e9m toti\u017e nie je postaven\u00fd na osobn\u00fdch preferenci\u00e1ch, ale na nevyhnutnosti a zotrva\u010dnosti ekonomick\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov. A k\u00fdm tie bud\u00fa diktova\u0165, \u017ee je ekonomicky v\u00fdhodn\u00e9 dv\u00edha\u0165 glob\u00e1lny teplotn\u00fd priemer o 1,5 a viac stup\u0148a, tak to robi\u0165 bud\u00fa. Kritika UBI nepatr\u00ed sem, ale u\u017e by malo by\u0165 zrejm\u00e9, \u017ee ide sk\u00f4r o \u013e\u00fabiv\u00fa fr\u00e1zu, ne\u017e funk\u010dn\u00e9 rie\u0161enie syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch probl\u00e9mov. Nasleduj\u00face podkapitoly rovnako \u201czapriahaj\u00fa voz pred ko\u0148a\u201d a prece\u0148uj\u00fa schopnosti reformn\u00fdch opatren\u00ed revolu\u010dne zmeni\u0165 kapitalizmus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Autor v \u00faplnosti a explicitne odmieta socializmus, ktor\u00fd d\u00e1va do rovnosti s n\u00e1vratom do jaskyne. Naopak, jeho post-kapitalistick\u00e1 ut\u00f3pia vyzer\u00e1, a\u017e na p\u00e1r estetick\u00fdch odli\u0161nost\u00ed, ako klasick\u00fd m\u00fdtus funguj\u00faceho kapitalizmu, o akom sa u\u010d\u00ed na stredo\u0161kolsk\u00fdch hodin\u00e1ch ekon\u00f3mie. \u013dudsk\u00e1 predstavivos\u0165 je kr\u00e1sna vec. Ale ak odmieta preuk\u00e1zate\u013ene funguj\u00face historick\u00e9 sk\u00fasenosti so socialistick\u00fdm antikapitalizmom, a pokia\u013e nie je zalo\u017een\u00e1 na vedeckom ch\u00e1pan\u00ed politickej ekon\u00f3mie, je predstavivos\u0165 dobr\u00e1 iba pre budovanie vzdu\u0161n\u00fdch z\u00e1mkov. A ako autor doteraz postupne op\u00fa\u0161\u0165al realitu, v nasleduj\u00facej kapitole V\u0161etko je prepojen\u00e9<\/em>, realitu opustil \u00faplne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e1to kapitola sa \u0165a\u017eko d\u00e1 nazva\u0165 inak ne\u017e karnevalom feti\u0161iz\u00e1cie pred-industri\u00e1lnych spolo\u010denstiev Amaz\u00f3nie, Tichomoria, severnej Ameriky a tak \u010falej. Autor sa tu plne odd\u00e1va m\u00fdtu vzne\u0161en\u00e9ho divocha a rozpl\u00fdva sa nad zdanliv\u00fdm s\u00faladom s pr\u00edrodou, v akom r\u00f4zne kmene a n\u00e1rody \u017eij\u00fa. Odhliadnime od ekoc\u00eddnej katastrofy k akej do\u0161lo na ostrovoch Rapa Nui (a ur\u010dite na mno\u017estve in\u00fdch miest), ktor\u00e1 nar\u00fa\u0161a tento m\u00fdtus o spolo\u010denstv\u00e1ch ako vystrihnut\u00fdch z Cameronovho Avatara. Iste, vz\u0165ah, ak\u00fd maj\u00fa mnoh\u00e9 n\u00e1rody a kmene so svoj\u00edm \u017eivotn\u00fdm prostred\u00edm je v mnohom in\u0161piruj\u00faci. Ke\u010f u\u017e v ni\u010dom inom, tak aspo\u0148 v jeho holistickej povahe. Av\u0161ak nemo\u017eno zab\u00fada\u0165, pre\u010do tak\u00fdto vz\u0165ah m\u00f4\u017ee existova\u0165 a pre\u010do (post)industri\u00e1lna spolo\u010dnos\u0165 tak\u00fdto vz\u0165ah nem\u00e1. Pr\u00e1ve v\u010faka efektivite v\u00fdroby v industrializovanom svete je \u010dlovek vo v\u00fdznamnej miere osloboden\u00fd od nevyspytate\u013en\u00fdch vrtochov po\u010dasia a zemepisn\u00fdch mantinelov. Samozrejme, tento materi\u00e1lny z\u00e1klad rozdielu medzi \u201cvzne\u0161en\u00fdm divochom\u201d a \u201cmodern\u00fdm \u010dlovekom\u201d autorovi ni\u010d nevrav\u00ed a odpove\u010f h\u013ead\u00e1 v moralizovan\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dialektick\u00fd materializmus – filozofick\u00fd z\u00e1klad modern\u00e9ho socializmu – o komplexn\u00fdch vz\u0165ahoch medzi jednotlivcami, ktor\u00e9 tvoria jeden organick\u00fd celok, vie ve\u013emi dobre. Dialektika je pr\u00e1ve discipl\u00edna sk\u00famaj\u00faca vz\u0165ahy a zmenu. \u010co je lep\u0161ie, jej spr\u00e1vna aplik\u00e1cia vedie ku kreat\u00edvnym a pozit\u00edvnym rie\u0161eniam. Ale ako sme u\u017e zistili, autor sa marxistickou r\u00e9torikou za\u0161tituje len ke\u010f potrebuje preda\u0165 my\u0161lienku konkr\u00e9tnemu publiku. Tak\u017ee prirodzene, autor siaha po te\u00f3rii Gaia, ktor\u00e1 plan\u00e9tu Zem pova\u017euje za \u017eiv\u00fd organizmus. Marxistick\u00fd – dialektick\u00fd – pr\u00edstup i ten liber\u00e1lny (te\u00f3ria Gaia) hovoria o rovnak\u00fdch komplexn\u00fdch vz\u0165ahoch, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa medzi \u013eu\u010fmi, mimo\u013eudskou \u017eivou i ne\u017eivou pr\u00edrodou a kl\u00edmou. V \u010dom sa l\u00ed\u0161ia? K\u00fdm marxizmus vedie k rie\u0161eniam, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa kreat\u00edvne a pozit\u00edvne pre pracuj\u00face masy, te\u00f3ria Gaia vedie k n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee \u013eudstvo je vlastne v\u00edrus sp\u00f4sobuj\u00faci Zemi hor\u00fa\u010dku. Mo\u017eno to niekomu pr\u00edde smie\u0161ne, ale roz\u0161\u00edrenos\u0165 tohto nihilistick\u00e9ho a antisoci\u00e1lneho n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee \u013eudstvo je choroba, hovor\u00ed sn\u00e1\u010f za v\u0161etko.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1ver<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Kniha Less is More od Jasona Hickela na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead m\u00f4\u017ee p\u00f4sobi\u0165 ako sol\u00eddna apol\u00f3gia antikapitalizmu v \u00e9re klimatickej kr\u00edzy a n\u00e1vrh re\u00e1lnych rie\u0161en\u00ed tejto kr\u00edzy. Faktom ost\u00e1va, \u017ee t\u00e1to kniha je \u0161tandardn\u00fdm liber\u00e1lnym reformizmom v radik\u00e1lnom \u0161ate. Autor sa \u0161tylizuje do poz\u00edcie antikapitalistu, no fakticky presadzuje klasick\u00e9 soci\u00e1lnodemokratick\u00e9 redistribu\u010dn\u00e9 politiky kompatibiln\u00e9 s kapitalizmom a vykoris\u0165ovan\u00edm doma i na glob\u00e1lnej \u00farovni. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 d\u00e9monizuje historick\u00e9 socialistick\u00e9 experimenty, \u010d\u00edm odv\u00e1dza pozornos\u0165 od skuto\u010dne \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fdch revolu\u010dn\u00fdch strat\u00e9gi\u00ed a takt\u00edk. Neost\u00e1va mu tak ni\u010d in\u00e9, ne\u017e presadzova\u0165 \u201c\u0161\u00edrenie povedomia\u201d a fantaz\u00edrova\u0165, ako tento \u201cideologick\u00fd posun\u201d povedie k revolu\u010dn\u00fdm zmen\u00e1m. A \u010do je najzar\u00e1\u017eaj\u00facej\u0161ie je sn\u00e1\u010f to, \u017ee aj osobnosti hl\u00e1siace sa k marxizmu opakuj\u00fa po Hickelovi prakticky verbatim – vi\u010f aj pr\u00e1ce Kohei Saita. Netvrd\u00edm, \u017ee prieniky nem\u00f4\u017eu existova\u0165. Naopak, udr\u017eate\u013en\u00e1 socialistick\u00e1 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 bude ma\u0165 s v\u00edziou bezrastu viac vec\u00ed spolo\u010dn\u00fdch. Av\u0161ak t\u00e1to podobnos\u0165 bude iba vo vonkaj\u0161\u00edch znakoch – vo svojej podstate p\u00f4jde o diametr\u00e1lne odli\u0161n\u00e9 historick\u00e9 momenty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bezrast nie je koherentn\u00fdm konceptom a re\u00e1lne odvracia pozornos\u0165 od socializmu. Navy\u0161e, bezrast mystifikuje kore\u0148 probl\u00e9mu a zamedzuje tak organizovaniu sa okolo skuto\u010dne syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch rie\u0161en\u00ed. K\u00fdm my sa budeme h\u00e1da\u0165, \u010di bezrast \u00e1no alebo nie a v akej forme, nepohneme sa re\u00e1lne z miesta. Ide\u00e1ly bezrastu mo\u017eno naj\u00fa\u010dinnej\u0161ie dosiahnu\u0165 v socializme. Preto ak to niekto s bezrastom mysl\u00ed v\u00e1\u017ene, nech sa s\u00fastred\u00ed v prvom rade na \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd sp\u00f4sob ako kapitalizmus porazi\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jadro kapitalizmu nie je v nekone\u010dnom raste. V kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku je pre kapitalizmus nevyhnutn\u00fd ako rast, tak i krach v r\u00e1mci ekonomick\u00e9ho cyklu, ktor\u00fd je d\u00f4sledkom nadv\u00fdroby, \u010do je len manifest\u00e1cia privlast\u0148ovania si nadhodnoty do bodu, kedy disponibiln\u00fd zostatok je nato\u013eko n\u00edzky, \u017ee sa k\u00fapa a predaj zastavuje – doch\u00e1dza ku kr\u00edze. In\u00fdmi slovami, rast a nadv\u00fdroba s\u00fa ved\u013eaj\u0161\u00edmi momentmi kapitalizmu, ktor\u00e9ho jadro tvor\u00ed s\u00fakromn\u00e9 vlastn\u00edctvo a zospolo\u010dnen\u00e1 v\u00fdroba – triedny boj. Nadv\u00fdroba i \u201crast\u201d zanikaj\u00fa v momente, kedy je vlastn\u00edctvo zospolo\u010dnen\u00e9 a t\u00fdm p\u00e1dom v\u00fdroba za\u010d\u00edna by\u0165 \u00famern\u00e1 potrebe – pl\u00e1novan\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010co je v\u0161ak asi najhor\u0161ie je to, ako bl\u00edzko m\u00e1 r\u00e9torika, filozofia, ale i \u013eudia k maltuzi\u00e1nskemu videniu sveta. Ke\u010f dnes \u010d\u00edtam o tom, ako s\u00fa dve dovolenky do roka, alebo dokonca byt vyk\u00faren\u00fd na 20 stup\u0148ov ak\u00fdsi luxus, s ktor\u00fdm sa mus\u00edme rozl\u00fa\u010di\u0165, rozum sa mi zastavuje. Samozrejme, v stave kr\u00edzy maj\u00fa okam\u017eit\u00e9 rie\u0161enia prednos\u0165. No tie by nemali spo\u010d\u00edva\u0165 v oklie\u0161\u0165ovan\u00ed u\u017e tak mizivej radosti zo \u017eivota be\u017en\u00fdch pracuj\u00facich. Naopak, treba sa p\u00fdta\u0165: \u201cAko m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 chodenie na dve dovolenky a udr\u017eiavanie pohodlnej izbovej teploty udr\u017eate\u013en\u00e9?\u201d. Kapitalizmus sa pokroku br\u00e1ni, lebo invest\u00edcie do v\u00fdskumu a aplik\u00e1cia novot\u00edn s\u00fa ve\u013emi n\u00e1kladn\u00e9 polo\u017eky a z\u00e1rove\u0148 zni\u017euj\u00fa mieru zisku. Socializmus t\u00fato tendenciu k zni\u017eovaniu miery zisku nem\u00e1. Preto pr\u00e1ve v socializme m\u00f4\u017eu technol\u00f3gie tvori\u0165 z\u00e1klad udr\u017eate\u013enosti a zvy\u0161ovania komfortu. Nemus\u00edme sa vr\u00e1ti\u0165 do jask\u00fd\u0148.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nechcime menej – chcime lep\u0161ie!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-sp-<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Odpove\u010f na knihu Less is more Jasona Hickela \u013davicu obch\u00e1dza stra\u0161idlo – stra\u0161idlo bezrastu. Takzvan\u00fd degrowth je dnes u\u017e relat\u00edvne […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":4546,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1331,1248,1330],"tags":[1337],"class_list":["post-4545","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kultura","category-nazory","category-teoria","tag-ekonomika"],"yoast_head":"\nDegrowth: Sp\u00e4\u0165 do doby kamennej v z\u00e1ujme klimatickej udr\u017eate\u013enosti? | Front<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/smefront.org\/en\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Degrowth: Sp\u00e4\u0165 do doby kamennej v z\u00e1ujme klimatickej udr\u017eate\u013enosti? | Front\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Odpove\u010f na knihu Less is more Jasona Hickela \u013davicu obch\u00e1dza stra\u0161idlo – stra\u0161idlo bezrastu. Takzvan\u00fd degrowth je dnes u\u017e relat\u00edvne […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/smefront.org\/en\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Front\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/smefront\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-01-02T13:23:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-09-17T11:51:21+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/smefront.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/degrowth.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"sp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"sp\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"18 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"sp\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/0a243debb03101f9d66f35e2595b73d1\"},\"headline\":\"Degrowth: Sp\u00e4\u0165 do doby kamennej v z\u00e1ujme klimatickej udr\u017eate\u013enosti?\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-01-02T13:23:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-17T11:51:21+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":4166,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/degrowth.png\",\"keywords\":[\"ekonomika\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Kult\u00fara\",\"N\u00e1zory\",\"Te\u00f3ria\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\\\/\",\"name\":\"Degrowth: Sp\u00e4\u0165 do doby kamennej v z\u00e1ujme klimatickej udr\u017eate\u013enosti? | Front\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/degrowth.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-01-02T13:23:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-17T11:51:21+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/degrowth.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/degrowth.png\",\"width\":1920,\"height\":1080},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Dom\u00e1ca str\u00e1nka\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Degrowth: Sp\u00e4\u0165 do doby kamennej v z\u00e1ujme klimatickej udr\u017eate\u013enosti?\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/\",\"name\":\"Front\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Front\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/03\\\/front-logo-F-red-transp-e1742130237823.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/03\\\/front-logo-F-red-transp-e1742130237823.png\",\"width\":1113,\"height\":1073,\"caption\":\"Front\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/smefront\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/0a243debb03101f9d66f35e2595b73d1\",\"name\":\"sp\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/smefront.org\\\/en\\\/author\\\/sp\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Degrowth: Sp\u00e4\u0165 do doby kamennej v z\u00e1ujme klimatickej udr\u017eate\u013enosti? | Front","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/en\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"Degrowth: Sp\u00e4\u0165 do doby kamennej v z\u00e1ujme klimatickej udr\u017eate\u013enosti? | Front","og_description":"Odpove\u010f na knihu Less is more Jasona Hickela \u013davicu obch\u00e1dza stra\u0161idlo – stra\u0161idlo bezrastu. Takzvan\u00fd degrowth je dnes u\u017e relat\u00edvne […]","og_url":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/en\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\/","og_site_name":"Front","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/smefront","article_published_time":"2024-01-02T13:23:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-09-17T11:51:21+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1920,"height":1080,"url":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/degrowth.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"sp","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"sp","Estimated reading time":"18 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\/"},"author":{"name":"sp","@id":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/#\/schema\/person\/0a243debb03101f9d66f35e2595b73d1"},"headline":"Degrowth: Sp\u00e4\u0165 do doby kamennej v z\u00e1ujme klimatickej udr\u017eate\u013enosti?","datePublished":"2024-01-02T13:23:00+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-17T11:51:21+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\/"},"wordCount":4166,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/degrowth.png","keywords":["ekonomika"],"articleSection":["Kult\u00fara","N\u00e1zory","Te\u00f3ria"],"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/smefront.org\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\/","url":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\/","name":"Degrowth: Sp\u00e4\u0165 do doby kamennej v z\u00e1ujme klimatickej udr\u017eate\u013enosti? | Front","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/degrowth.png","datePublished":"2024-01-02T13:23:00+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-17T11:51:21+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/smefront.org\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/degrowth.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/degrowth.png","width":1920,"height":1080},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/degrowth-spat-do-doby-kamennej-v-zaujme-klimatickej-udrzatelnosti\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Dom\u00e1ca str\u00e1nka","item":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Degrowth: Sp\u00e4\u0165 do doby kamennej v z\u00e1ujme klimatickej udr\u017eate\u013enosti?"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/#website","url":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/","name":"Front","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/#organization","name":"Front","url":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/front-logo-F-red-transp-e1742130237823.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/front-logo-F-red-transp-e1742130237823.png","width":1113,"height":1073,"caption":"Front"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/smefront"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/#\/schema\/person\/0a243debb03101f9d66f35e2595b73d1","name":"sp","url":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/en\/author\/sp\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4545","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/27"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4545"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4545\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4897,"href":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4545\/revisions\/4897"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4546"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4545"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4545"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/smefront.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4545"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}